Door opens to the left in the living room because we don't want any wall on the right side (see post #1) and therefore the door can't hit anything on the right. He simply took this piece of wall from your design. What advantage does this piece of wall have? Or is it a matter of taste?
The piece serves exactly for the door stop, and it is also a small visual barrier against the kitchen, plus you can nicely fit a kitchen shelf into the corner (e.g., with cookbooks or spices).
3. Shower is correct. So that we can still live there when we are old.
If there is no bedroom or guest room downstairs, I think that's nonsense. But if it's that important to you, okay. I would consider the floor space for the wardrobe more important. You won't use the shower for 40 years now. By the time you need it, you'll have to renovate the bathroom anyway. Then it's better to move the wall later and install the shower. Unless a big dog moves in that needs to be showered regularly there.
Wall in front of the stairs: oh God, does that go up to the ceiling???
I imagine a parapet wall made of masonry about 1m high or however high they usually are. Isn't that a parapet? How high should it be?
That is not apparent from the drawing. Usually, a half-height wall is either shown with a different color, only dashed lines, or it is indicated directly. If it's supposed to be half-height, then it's fine.