What does the decision about the wall material have to do with the floor plan?
Only when you know where which wall runs can you say: "in the section from x to y we use a different material (/construct it differently etc.)." The execution planning always comes only after the design planning is finalized.
Isn't it more of a gut feeling?
Absolutely. The two and a half decibel difference according to some datasheets you either don’t hear in practice or you even perceive it the other way around. That’s why it’s always a gut feeling whether you trust the stone more than the stud wall.
Objectively, neither of the two is dramatically better than the other; the bigger difference is made by your "feeling." Ideally, the variant you tend towards is the same one the contractor has more routine with.
Is it actually problematic or much more time-consuming to install a sand-lime brick wall or is that also common in single-family home construction?
There is a general trend to build the non-load-bearing interior walls only after the exterior and load-bearing interior walls. Time is wage; the material price is (relatively) ignored; quick processing counts. In small residential construction KS is more frequent, in large residential construction gypsum boards are more common, and in commercial construction as much as possible is built lightweight.
One hears that many solid house providers do drywall in the ground floor; I thought that might be due to the high labor effort for KS...?
This is done more frequently on the upper floor and the attic. On the upper floor it is easier for the statics if the walls there do not stand above those of the ground floor. In the attic, the trend towards lightweight construction comes from roof insulation: in the past, the interior walls "stepped" into the rafter level; today the interior wall is supposed to end at the top in a straight inclined line. That is less laborious to fabricate with stud walls. Additionally, drywall does not require a master craftsman license, which makes subcontracting considerably easier.