Of course, the massive interior walls are constructed before the roof. They should preferably also be finished before pouring the concrete ceiling, even if they are not load-bearing. The integration of the interior walls into the exterior walls must also be done professionally, otherwise the wall might eventually end up on your sofa.
My feeling is that you are pursuing the wrong approach here. Your bricklayers come with ready mortar for a day’s work, with a stone saw and with experience. In the time you have been thinking about the correct execution here, the bricklayers have already built up all the interior walls.