I have to jump in here again. We ruled out an air-to-water heat pump because an outdoor unit is not an option. A compact unit with only an indoor part is also not an option (it takes up too much space and can be loud in winter). What remains: gas or a geothermal heat pump. A geothermal heat pump (deep drilling) is supposed to be significantly more efficient than the air-to-water heat pump and would be allowed for us. But the additional cost compared to gas is already quite high. You wonder when you will make that back compared to gas. For now, we are planning without solar / photovoltaic. Only nowadays, you feel guilty when building with gas (it's a pity that opinions have changed so drastically in recent years). We were actually leaning towards gas, but because of all the dissatisfaction, we will plan with a geothermal heat pump.