I am aware that a bay window adds more living space. I am also aware that I then have the increase in living area in the attic. What is not clear to me is how that would turn a two-story house into a one-story house.
It depends on the maximum ratio of living space between the ground floor and the upper floor. For example, if you have 100 m² on the ground floor and a full floor counts from 75% upwards (according to the respective state building regulations and/or stipulations in the development plan), but the upper floor has 80 m², then the construction is not permitted. If the upper floor remains at a maximum of 74.99 m², then in that case a building permit will be granted.
Misleading is the term
full floor, because the upper floor can already be counted as a full floor from, for example, 66% or 75% upwards
can or must.
However, if you are close to the limit, you can increase the ground floor area through bay windows so that the upper floor becomes smaller in relation and you might possibly fly under the radar. It is, however, the architects' task to exploit the building envelope in this regard if that is possible or necessary.
Regarding bay windows, pergolas, entrance overhangs, garages, etc., I hear different statements. Some say all of this must only be within the development area, others think these things may protrude beyond it. Perhaps it varies from plot to plot.
That has nothing to do with personal opinion but with the building regulations applicable to the plot. In your case, these are the state building regulations of Rhineland-Palatinate and the specific stipulations in the development plan.
Best regards Dirk Grafe