Are the specifications for the produced amount of heat in heat pumps usually standardized and calibrated? Can one therefore trust them or are they (possibly even intentionally) embellished values? Are these values calculated and/or measured?
The "amount of heat" or power can be calculated based on the flow rate and the temperature difference between supply temperature and return temperature.
Deviations arise regarding the water, so depending on additives one would have to correct the value, but I don't think anyone does that.
Whether something extra is added on top, I of course cannot answer!
Does it make sense to heat rooms that should be as cold as possible but adjoin warm rooms anyway? For example the bedroom? - For me it doesn't make sense, since the heat input from 2 persons *8h/d + heat exchange from neighboring rooms is already too high.
What do you mean by sense? Consumption or comfort?
Overall, the heat pump will probably consume less if you heat all rooms.
As always the statement, ERR off, flow everywhere -> low supply temperature, low consumption.
However, the temperature differences become smaller there, which is unpleasant for some (in the bedroom, for example).
Does it make sense to heat rooms that are not used but could serve as storage (e.g. basement rooms), and if yes, at what temperature/heat input? With the door open it is hardly possible to keep these below 20 degrees - since other rooms in the basement are occupied. So they already benefit from the other rooms without their own heat input. And with the door closed they have less storage benefit?! - here I would assume that it could make sense to turn up these rooms a bit and turn down the neighboring rooms to keep the same temperature everywhere and thus increase the storage volume?
Why storage? Here the same answer as above applies.
Of course only useful if the basement is well insulated too!
But isn't exactly this the goal of a heat load calculation or a hydraulic balancing, so that one could do without this?
Yes.
The calculation sounds a bit odd at first, but one would have to look at it in detail to assess it more precisely.