No, according to the Broker and Developer Ordinance, the last installment of 3.5% is still missing after full completion. In this respect, an acceptance (acceptance with defect protocol) could take place. In my opinion, it depends on the interim solution. For the average house of €500k, the OP would still have a retention of €17.5k. So it depends on what the defects are "worth".
I, too, would have recommended as appropriate to carry out an acceptance with defect protocol – if the word "if" were not there (and the developer behaved professionally accordingly), but unfortunately you probably have to ask him to do so first. An operational and permanent heating system not delivered at the agreed time – that is, not yet at the acceptance date – is in my opinion only provisionally adequate to the agreed delivery if the developer makes a concrete statement in good time before the date on the following points: a. technical concept of the interim solution and its expected duration; b. his willingness to accommodate higher operating costs of the interim solution and, if applicable, "compensation" for the more complicated operation thereof; c. handling of overruns of the anticipated interim solution phase. So far, he has not considered any of this necessary, although he (hopefully!) has not been building residential buildings commercially for "consumers" only since yesterday! So far, the OP must fear that the interim solution might consist of "wear three jackets on top of each other" and/or "keep yourself warm by thinking warm thoughts" and last until doomsday or at least until "we’ll see when." However, this is, in my opinion, to be decisively rejected as an outrage. I could imagine that following my suggested approach (which, mind you, includes no threats of overreactions), the OP would end up "like nothing the world has ever seen" in first place on the developer’s heat pump waiting list. Whoever barks back the quietest draws the short straw.
In my ignorance, I assumed a solution like electric heating and instantaneous water heaters, which thankfully would be nonsense.
You are indeed ignorant – but mostly because your contractual partner has not clearly stated anything so far. This solution path would only be nonsense in theory – the fact that so far no one dares to try it in practice is not guaranteed.
Is a simple phone call enough here or do I need the solution in writing to have something conclusive?
You don’t mean that question seriously. You always "talk" to sly foxes in writing, better one registered letter too many than one too few.