So, I have now pulled the bed away from the wall and there was no mold behind it. That's already a good sign.
The exterior wall in the bedroom shows a humidity level of around 55-60% on the moisture meter. Not great, but not dramatic either, I am currently drying it with heat.
However: Behind my nightstand (which is placed exactly in the corner, two exterior walls at a 90-degree angle) there was some mold again. The area is not dramatic, I will remove it. But there I measure around 80% on the wall and that is too much. When I go right into the corner, at the bottom, I measure values over 90%.
Now my question: How do I find out if moisture is penetrating from outside? Or does it simply accumulate there because it is in the corner of two exterior walls and at the very bottom, thus probably the lowest point and the coldest, and without air circulation due to the nightstand?
My idea now was to move the nightstand 10 cm away from the wall on each side so air can circulate. Remove the mold. Then dry the wall (possibly using a fan heater) and then wait a bit. If it goes back up to similar values, it will be coming from outside. If it doesn’t rise again, it is indoor moisture.