Is he even allowed to put the fence directly on the hedge?
No, but on his property boundary.
In my opinion, fence and hedge don't go together.
They go together very well if everyone does what they are allowed to do.
I find it a bit unfortunate that whoever comes first also has to bear the disadvantages.
That's not the case at all: the neighbor is behaving very correctly when he fences his property and protects his neighbors from his dog. A hedge, whether shared or alone, simply cannot do that.
That would mean I have to stay at least 1.50 meters away from the boundary, right?
No. Of course, if you choose a wide-spreading hedge for yourself, you should plan ahead. For a normal hedge plant that will grow 1.80 meters high, about 70 cm from the property boundary is enough. If you prefer wide-spreading plants, then you should take precautions – your current preference is for cherry laurel.
What I mean is that I find it a pity that we both actually want a hedge. If he starts, he has the hedge and the loss of space on his property and I am happy. If I start, I have to put the hedge on our property and he is happy.
Honestly: a (shared) hedge on the property boundary is suboptimal. That’s where disputes with joint ownership begin.
But I still want to get the maximum space-saving – for both sides.
What you want: your hedge on the boundary, so you save space. That means for the neighbor, he has to accept your choice of Portuguese laurel, share the costs, and then put his fence in front of the hedge on his property. Only you benefit, he only has disadvantages, namely half the costs of the hedge (which you choose), and the fence will then stand in front of the hedge on his side.
In short: I clearly see the sense on your neighbor’s side. He puts (whether he is legally obliged to do so or not – you hide from us the right/left side that is decisive here) his dog fence on the boundary and is responsible for the costs. What you then do and he does with planting on his property is your business. Very clear.
I actually find it a bit childish to fuss over half a meter on a 900 sqm property boundary.
Around here, 90% are fences. Primarily set because that's what people want, because of dog/child, planned dog/child, or simply because they want fences around their own area. So be it. And everyone who prefers their hedge plants it around their own 650 sqm property. Some in loose "individual arrangements" (hydrangeas, shrub roses, rhododendrons), others in rows (privet, cherry laurel, or beech). That way everyone has their own planting.
I think your way of thinking is the first step towards an “unfriendly neighborhood.” Simply put, it is focused only on your advantage.