Thank you for the numerous responses, which indeed differ quite considerably in opinion.
Yes, we are laypeople, not craftsmen ourselves, it is our first house, and honestly, I have never seen a sliding door where a part of it protruded from the wall. (although, of course, I hadn’t really paid attention to such things before)
In our old rental apartment, we also had a sliding door, where the door panel disappeared completely into the wall and there was also this little hook to pull it out.
But the house was from 1950 and I have no idea whether such doors are still sold/installed today. Apparently, in this case, that is already the case, and maybe it could also be retrofitted.
In that respect, I would have of course wished for somewhat better advice – the carpenter could have asked: do you want it like this or do you want it like that?
Currently, it does bother us a bit, it simply makes the doorway relatively narrow, and actually, we don’t plan to close the sliding door often, except when someone is cooking something very greasy or smelly or the loud extractor fan is on while people want to talk in the living/dining area. But I could imagine that will be at most once a month.
I will contact the carpenter again to see if it can still be retrofitted, if necessary at our expense, if it really bothers us a lot, which will surely become clear in the next 2-3 months.
Many thanks for all all your opinions