Implement LAN and SAT in a single-family house with a central server cabinet

Fiber optic in the house currently makes little sense. Unless you have long distances. With Cat7 or Cat8 you can also realize 10gb network over RJ45. The cards are not that expensive and have lower power consumption. In my case, the large NAS is connected multiple times (different networks) via 10gb DAC. But I also have a 10gb router. A few 1gb streams can also be handled by a Fritzbox. Honestly, at home it is rather rare that multiple clients fully utilize the network. APs in the living/dining area and centrally on the upper floor. You can leave the cables unconnected in the wall and connect them to the patch panel. Just don’t connect the ports of the patch panel to the switch. Otherwise, the planning sounds good.

Just don't connect the ports from the patch panel to the switch.

Would that be a problem?

With POE or otherwise, there could be problems, although unlikely. Therefore, just do not patch. You simply plug in the cable when it is needed and something is connected to the other end. But do not place it directly on the patch panel.

The gray ones are patch panels. In your place, I would immediately take a 24-port one for rack mounting.
The small black one is a POE injector from Unifi.
The white box is a NAS (2-bay Synology?).
From the setup, I only see a Fritzbox as a router and one access point since there is only one injector.
What I see should be fanless except for the NAS. If installed in a cabinet, it is not audible.

I am currently tinkering with our network for the new house. It currently looks like this in the setup:

That really looks neat. As already mentioned, it is better than what I encounter in most companies :-/

Attached is my "small" cabinet. The "big" one is in the basement.

But that one is also for testing purposes, therefore two providers, longer patch cables since things often have to be replugged, etc.

Fat telephone system?.
I have made quite a bit of progress here. Just no current picture.