I have to say your story amused me a bit :D Did they then give you a Schufa entry because of the few bucks you owed the bank?
I don't think so. If at all, it was no longer there when I first checked the Schufa out of curiosity. They don't store things forever either, so I couldn't swear there was none (?).
But for something like a simple returned direct debit, there is no Schufa entry. At least I've never heard of that. That can happen to anyone when a payment overlaps or something similar. Schufa would have a lot to do if they wanted to record all that. Recently there was a total failure at DKB, where bookings from early October were simply executed again in early November. That was quite a mess, and some people ended up in the red and there were returned direct debits etc. (through no fault of their own).
In general, I think you have to miss a few deadlines before something really ends up in the Schufa. For example, if you don’t pay a bill, you usually first get a reminder, then dunning notices, and eventually debt collection. And if you still ignore debt collection, then eventually it ends up at Schufa, I think.
During my student days, I once ignored a contact lens bill until debt collection, but apart from my €30 bill then unnecessarily costing €90, nothing else happened. To my knowledge, even that never appeared in the Schufa.
Best regards