Manufacturers of masonry bricks often provide structural calculations. For small walls, that's sufficient. What you want can only be built solidly. If you want to do it exactly right, you won't get around structural calculations. Otherwise, it's better to err on the side of using more material...
Hollow blocks, connected to the foundation by reinforcement. The amount of concrete is quite a bit of work but manageable. However, this does not result in exposed masonry – I understood that a plastered surface is desired. Then build the wall cheaply and unattractively, and make it look nice with plaster. Otherwise, you need masonry that actually looks good (or another form of surface design – clinker slips/facades, wood, etc.).