We have a simple cat flap in the cellar door. Since the tomcat is quite territorial here and we also have a dog, no strange cat or other animal has ever come in. But tight is something else. Our cats are already old and there will be no new ones, so this was the easiest solution. The cellar door is also old and will be replaced after the cats pass away. The solution with inserts in the window is of course elegant, but for me it would be too expensive, not tight enough in a new building, and such things are often not burglar-proof either. There are often problems with insurance in case of a break-in. So the safest and most sustainable solution remains manual opening...