What can I do to make sure to remove any possible mold at this hard-to-reach spot? I can’t just remove the shower tray.
If it is properly installed, a sealing tape should be applied between the shower tray and the wall plaster, and the wall should be sealed with liquid membrane (that blue stuff on the wall). The tiles are then not pulled down behind the shower tray but rather the tray is set first (with sealing tape) and then tiled, with the tiles ending just above the shower tray. The gap is then filled with a backing cord and sealed with silicone. First, the cord saves silicone in the gap, and second, it prevents the silicone from adhering to the shower tray, tiles AND wall (3-flank adhesion), which greatly weakens elasticity and causes the silicone to tear quickly.
In your case, it looks like only the tray was set and tiled, and then silicone was pressed in without a backing cord. This is often done. It can be done this way, but it’s just poor quality.
If you want peace of mind in the long term: remove the tray, at least remove the bottom row of tiles, and reset the tray with sealing tape, liquid membrane, then tile again and finish with silicone and backing cord.
Short-term solution as a quick fix: press permanently elastic sealant into the gap from behind, wait, apply backing cord and silicone, and repeat in 5 years.