There are screws sticking out now and it doesn't look good visually.
Do you mean the two brackets in picture 1? Plaster over and paint the brackets in the gray tone like the stairs. Then it will look visually fitting again.
Who installed the stairs for you?? The locksmith/stair builder could and should have planned that and installed a steel stringer or something similar.
But they don’t, and it’s not their task if it’s a general contractor (GU) house with special work (air space). I just assume it’s a GU. The GU should point out the missing positions and coordinate this service together with the special service "air space," but that doesn’t work with the GUs. If you don’t have a craftsman who offers it on their own, then that’s how it is. The more special things you want, the more reasons there are not to build with a GU. A plasterer won’t come back for two holes, etc. For the side in picture 2: Remove the glue yourself with a spatula and then paint white afterwards. Pre-covering it takes away the aesthetics.