....It is not very likely with legionella if water flows in all pipes, but here in France it is the law that it is heated weekly....
The legionella issue is a certain "grey area". They become critical, if present, especially with pulmonary exposure (inhalation of water vapor or mist). In Germany, weekly heating of indirectly heated storage tanks to > 60°C combined with subsequent flushing of the supply lines to the taps has proven effective in practice. Meanwhile, there are new requirements (Drinking Water Ordinance), depending on whether it concerns small systems (single-family house, two-family house) or large systems. For the latter, an annual legionella inspection is required for storage sizes >= 400 l
and water content <= 3 l between the outlet of the drinking water heater and the withdrawal point!
The hot water preparation must not be considered independently of the type of heat generator when heating and hot water preparation are to be operated alternatively with the same heat generator. Gas condensing (E-Gas!) units are today "modulation champions," provided they are properly sized (manufacturer, device selection), and can meet all requirements relatively well. Indirectly heated storage tanks are still mostly sensible here.
With heat pumps as a heat generator, the situation looks quite different. Especially in well to very well insulated buildings, the required output of the heat generator for heating operation is relatively low. For hot water, in bivalent, alternative operation, there is often a lack of necessary power for an indirectly heated hot water storage tank, which applies particularly to the combined solutions often sold by general contractors/system integrators. The solution here are "heat pump-friendly," indirectly heated hot water storage tanks from external suppliers.
Merely oversizing the capacity from the perspective of hot water preparation usually leads to a significant reduction in efficiency for heating operation and thus overall! Furthermore, the heat pump then only "lives" for a short time!
Alternatively, instant water heaters (fresh water stations) should be considered for use. In these, it is not the drinking water, as with indirectly heated storage tanks, but the heating water that is stored! However, the additional cost is not insignificant. As always, this must be weighed on a case-by-case basis. For high flow rate demands (e.g., rain showers), instant water heaters frequently fail if improperly designed!
Best regards,
Conclusion: Hot water preparation requires as detailed and precise system planning and sizing (basic evaluation) as heating operation, if one is interested in an overall economical solution!