Is that really the case? Who checks that? For example, do I have to do the blower door test?
You have to submit the necessary calculations with the building application that prove compliance with the Building Energy Act standard (= KfW 55). Without proof, no building permit.
That interests me especially. If I have a photovoltaic system with storage and an air-to-water heat pump with underfloor heating. Is it relevant whether I use bricks with 0.1 or 0.07? For example, doesn’t opening the windows immediately ruin everything?
Part one of your question: Yes, it is relevant. Whether there is a difference of €10 or €18.99 in heating costs that matters to you, you have to decide. The wall is only one part of the house. Then there are windows, front door, floor slab insulation, roof insulation, and a few small details.
Part two of the question: Opening the window once doesn’t do anything. But regular, continuous opening you will notice again. The ventilation system also makes an impact. How much all of this makes a difference you only know if you don’t open anything for a year and then make a comparison year.
Or if you always have 19.5 degrees or 22.5 degrees. Or if the winter was a bit colder or warmer.
All together, worse bricks, constantly open windows, having to sleep with windows open, etc. can add up, but no one gets poor because of it.
P.S. I expect heating costs this year for my apartment (in a two-family house, own heat pump) formally renovated to KfW 55 standard (actually better) of €350-380 (at 25 cents per kWh electricity) including hot water for 120 sqm. I don’t care at all if it sometimes reaches €400 because the kids were constantly going in and out in winter or for whatever reason a lot of windows/terrace doors were open. You will always have moderate costs in new buildings – 10% more or less doesn’t really matter in the end.