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So this is a piece of the floor structure that has been broken out and laid on its back.. therefore the order is reversed, namely from bottom to top: cast asphalt, insulation board (possibly wood fiberboard?), and finally this cardboard (possibly asbestos cardboard?)
These white pellets at the edge look like a leveling layer and form the first layer of the floor structure.
Year of construction of the house: 1975, solid construction.
If anything is unclear, feel free to ask again.