Construction method for single-family houses - advantages and disadvantages of different building materials

Thank you for the extensive information, the fog is slowly clearing – very slowly. What probably confused me additionally was that partly different names are used for the same building materials. But ultimately, it comes down for us to 2-3 contemporary alternatives, where we now have to compare the properties against each other. I can quite understand a decision against Styrofoam; acquaintances have (however as insulation for an older building) pretty much regretted the insulation with it.